`` Alone Together `` By Sherry Turkle - 1997 Words

â€Å"Alone Together† by Sherry Turkle can be explained by using the postmodernism theory. There are examples used throughout the entirety of the book that the author herself experienced during interviews that clearly show how our society is evolving in these postmodern times. â€Å"Alone Together† goes into detail explaining how people today are interacting with technology and how it is greatly changing our society. Theory Overview Before explaining postmodernism, modernism needs to explained some first. Modernism believes in the absolutes of things such as beauty art and music. There is only one set way to do these things. Music is things such as Mozart and Bach. There is a clear objective of linear thinking that is to be stuck to and anything†¦show more content†¦Sherry Turkle begins the book by talking about our relationships with robots and how it is going to change our society. Robots are another way for us to interact. We can interact with them as if they are people and they can assist us in our day to day lives. This is an example of our society being fragmented as it is another way for us to interact in society. Sherry Turkle writes about our interaction with robots and how that is increasing and how our interactions with humans are decreasing. Through her interviews she learns that some people are much more comfortable talking with a robot or computer program than with a human. There is a computer program called ELIZA that people can interact with and the program is set to respond in certain ways. Turkle found out that people would start telling the program their secrets and issues within just a few interactions. This is much quicker than people will open up during therapy with a human. This can show a shift of people potentially interacting more with programs like this as a form of therapy rather than taking the traditional route and talking to a therapist. Childrens toys such as tamagotchis show â€Å"emotions† and in turn make the children feel actual emotions. The tamagotchis will ask for and require care from the children to â€Å"survive†. This elicited actual emotions from the kids as they would get happy to care andShow MoreRelatedAlone Together by Sherry Turkle1172 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading Sherry Turkle’s book Alone Together, I was left with mixed feelings. Ill thought the book was poorly written, and could have be en structured better. The way Turkle structures the book made me bored and uninterested. On the other hand, it enlightened me about the conditions that technology has done throughout society. I became bored reading certain parts of the book. I feel like the author could have sequenced it better. The author precedes some chapters or sections with a point andRead More`` Alone Together `` By Sherry Turkle1555 Words   |  7 Pageseasily stay connected to each other through the online world. Because of this, human beings have been influenced by the changing of their surrounding environments, and it leads to new issues that human beings never faced before. Sherry Turkle, the author of â€Å"Alone Together†, introduces the impact of the development of technology on humans, particularly human relationships. She argues that although the development of technology allowed people to have easier, faster, and more efficient lives, it alsoRead MoreSherry Turkle s Alone Together Reflection1085 Words   |  5 PagesSherry Turkle’s Alone Together Reflection: Sherry Turkle is a professor of the social studies of science and technology at MIT with a joint doctorate in sociology and personality psychology. It is a safe assumption to say that Sherry Turkle knows what she is talking about. In fact, her book Alone Together and her video talk through the Family Action Network is evidence of that. The book and the talk generally convey the same message that technology, primarily phones, limits human empathy andRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherry Turkle s Alone Together1461 Words   |  6 PagesDespite an increase in the amount of mediums used to communicate with other people, humans have lost the ability to adequately socialize in an effective manner. In Sherry Turkle’s Alone Together, the reader is presented with animatronic devices as eventual replacements to human interaction. Meanwhile, this is contrasted with Adam Gopnik’s Bumping Into Mr Ravioli, where people are always available for communication, but are always â€Å"perpetua lly suspending† any real face to face contact (157). WithRead MoreAnalysis Of Connected But Alone By Sherry Turkle1155 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Connected, but Alone? Ted talk, Sherry Turkle argues that technology is a major influence on our social interaction during this time era. The technological world brings us together, but also separates us from this present reality. In Turkles speech she explains that when people should interact socially face to face instead they turn to their phones and do not give their full attention to the others who are in the room or environment at that time. Friends, coworkers, and family members feelRead MoreThe Flight From Conversation By Sherry Turkle1232 Words   |  5 PagesOver the course of time, there has been a lot of controversy over the use of technology in our day to day lives in Sherry Turkle s article, â€Å"The Flight From Conversation† she brings up a lot of main points targeting the use of technology and how it changes the way we interact with people. She explains that we have been accustomed to being alone together that many people prefer to be alone rather than having a conversation with someone. She also discusses how we no longer have traditional relationshipsRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives910 Words   |  4 Pagesmore powerful and effective ways of communication. People are getting used to a new way to be alone together while they are together. Conversation in number and quality decrease as technology replaces in human interaction Sherry Turkle, a psychologist and professor of the social studies and technology at the Massachusetts institute, wrote the article â€Å"The Flight from Conversation†. In this article, Turkle mainly discusses the impact of technology in the world today. She gives insight into how technologyRead MoreA Response To Growing Up Tethered By Sherry Turkle727 Words   |  3 PagesA Response to Growing Up Tethered Sherry Turkle’s primary argument in her essay, â€Å"Growing Up Tethered†, is the current generation of adolescents are linked or tethered to their cell phones and technology. Sherry Turkle, sociologist, clinical psychologist, and author of many books, is concerned about our altered identities, lack of empathy skills, and increased stress due to online activities (Turkle, 2011). Technology changes our very being in such a way that some free will isRead MoreAlone Together: the Robotic Movment Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesResponse to Sherry Turkle’s â€Å"Alone Together: The Robotic Movement† In â€Å"Alone Together: The Robotic Movement,† Sherry Turkle explains some of the negative effects that robots are having on our lives. She also explains how they can have a negative effect on our daily lives without us even noticing. I am someone who knows a great deal about technology, however I had no idea that close human-robot interaction was happening at such an inappropriate level. There are many different examples Turkle usesRead MoreTechnology And Conversation : Technology971 Words   |  4 Pagesway to be alone together. Conversation in number and quality decrease as technology replaces in human interaction. In this article author gives insight into how technology distracts people without considering what price they are paying and persuades how technology has a huge effect on people’s conversation. Sherry Turkle, a psychologist and professor of the social studies and technology at the Massachusetts institute, wrote the article â€Å"The Flight from Conversation†. In this article, Turkle mainly discusses

History of Social Work - 18530 Words

S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences Compiled by S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work ..............................................................................4 Understanding History through Historical Phases†¦show more content†¦......................................................................................................................................................20 3 ..............................................................................................................................................................................23 4 .......................................................................................................................... ....................................................24 Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers ..............................................................................................................25 Elizabeth Gurney Fry ...............................................................................................................................................25 Octavia Hill ..............................................................................................................................................................26 Arnold Toynbee ......................................................................................................................................................27 Jane Addams ...........................................................................................................................................................28 MaryShow MoreRelatedHistory of Social Work1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of Social Work in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia has developed and evolved, influencing people and professionals across the world. Social Work has advanced through welfare policies and programs with significant historical changes occurring and a shift in religious and political views allowing these changes to benefit members of society and address social issues. Key events such as the Elizabethan Poor Law, the industrial revolution, the first charity organised societyRead MoreThe History Of Social Work Practice1530 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be giving a brief introduction to the history of social work practice, by introducing the laws that contributed to its development. Explaining how the sub divisions divide into specialism s within the variety of social work settings, using both public and private sectors to show understanding. Also, demonstrate knowledge of different legislation that has been introduced to social work practice over the past 25 years and why it is used in particular areas. Then to finalise usingRead MoreSocial Work And Welfare History1477 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Work/ Welfare History In 1906, in-school social work programs were integrated into New York City schools with hopes to bridge the gaps between the schools and communities in which they served. Since then in-school social workers have become more than just school and community liaisons but also the caseworkers, confidants, youth program advocates, as well as truancy reporters. In 1946, the National School Lunch Act was established and signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. This policyRead MoreThe And Social Work Welfare History1085 Words   |  5 Pages In this paper I will discuss a variety of aspects related to my agency, such as structure, social policy, and social work welfare history that empowers families’ lives. This semester I have been given the opportunity to work, as an intern, at Head Start Nacogdoches following a social worker understanding the importance of being efficient in my future career. At Head Start my job is to observe, take notes, and ask questions to my field instructor Ms. Celena Garrett in understand the importance ofRead MoreSocial Work History : Midterm3357 Words   |  14 PagesSocial Work History: Midterm Grace Gowdy Boston University 1. â€Å"Progressivism† has been characterized by authors studied in this course as 1) an historical era/political movement, 2) a culture within the social work profession, 3) a set of virtues social workers should strive for and 4) an inheritor (and possible alternative to) the radical tradition within social work. Describe and discuss each of these varieties of progressivism in terms of their impact on OR implications for promotingRead MoreThe History of Social Work in the Caribbean3239 Words   |  13 PagesSocial work and Social Welfare has been with us from as far back as the 1600s and it has always been, and has continued to be a response to human needs. In order to understand its historical development, it is necessary to examine the significant factors, which has influenced its evolution. It can be said however that factors such as the establishment of the Elizabethan poor laws, the emancipation of slavery and the social unrest which resulted in the 1937 riots, played a momentous role in the developmentRead MoreThe History Of Social Work In Vietnam. Each Country Has1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Social Work in Vietnam Each country has a unique history for the development of social work. While social work was first started in Amsterdam and later introduced in the United States in the late 1800’s, other countries are starting to develop social work practice more recently (Zastrow, 2010). At the completion of multiple decades of war, Vietnam could start implementing social work practice. It is important for foreigners who plan to work in Vietnam to be aware of the history ofRead MoreSocial Work As A Practice And The History Of The Reformers That Helped Create The Very Career Itself Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will include a description of social work as a practice and the history of the reformers that helped create the very career itself. In this section, I will include topics such as the mission, goals, and purpose of a social worker and attributes of the profession. Next, I will discuss the definition and the elements of General Practice in the field. This section will includ e examples from the lifestyle paper written previously in the year. For this paper, I was required to visit a placeRead MoreDiscipline and Punish: a Critical Review. This Is a Summary of Michel Foucaults Seminal Work on the History of Criminal Punishment and Social Discipline as It Transformed from Punitive to Correctional Models During the2913 Words   |  12 Pages------------------------------------------------- Discipline and Punish: a critical review ------------------------------------------------- This is a summary of Michel Foucaults seminal work on the history of criminal punishment and social discipline as it transformed from punitive to correctional models during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------Read MoreKarl Marx s Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human Nature Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pageswill aim to discuss and determine with reference to Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human beings are essentially the product of socioeconomic forces. In addition to one criticism of his theory of human nature. Firstly, this paper will explain Karl Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature. According to Karl Marx’s deterministic theory of history, human society is determined by the material conditions. Marx was heavily influenced

Identifying Threats and Opportunities of Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Identifying Threats and Opportunities of Globalization. Answer: Introduction The report would discuss the opportunities and threats that are created by globalization. The illustration would be supported with the help of an MNC from an emerging market. The report has taken Alibaba.com which is a China based country and has successfully established itself in the international market through its innovation and strategic marketing plans. The report would highlight how Alibaba.com identified the opportunities and threats of global market of Australia to spread its wings in Australian market. Further, the report would contrast the differences between establishing the market in the home country and host country. PESTEL analysis and Porters Five Forces tools would be used in order to analyze the external and industrial factors of China and Australia. PESTEL analysis would help to assess the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors of China and Australia in order to understand the differences between the macro factors of home and h ost countries respectively. Company Profile Alibaba Group Holding Limited is a China based e-commerce company which facilitates the transaction of services between two entities. The e-commerce company offers consumer to consumer services, business to consumer and business to business sales services through its international website. Another services provided by the company include shopping search engine, electronic payment services and data centric cloud computing services. Alibaba started its operations in the year 1999 by initiating the website alibaba.com which collected the revenue of $ 170 billion in the year 2012. Alibaba has become the largest retailer business in the world with its operations running in more than 190 countries of the world. The e-commerce company has become the most dominating online retailer in the world by achieving sales revenue beyond the worlds most popular companies including Walmart, Amazon and eBay. The strategy deployed by the company is to act as a facilitator between the suppliers and buyers by establishing trust between them. Alibaba has acquired trust of the consumers through its innovative and reliable online platform. The company works on the following core values: SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Alibaba has developed its services and operations which are in alignment with the latest trend. Alibaba has very effectively incorporated the digital technology in its web portal to establish a large market share in the market. 2. The company has incorporated an effective verification process for its client that build mutual trust between the company and client. 3. Alibaba has developed services which are customer centric and fulfill all their needs. 4. Innovative services have been effectively merged with technology to resolve the need of twenty first century. Weaknesses 1. Alibaba has too many sellers that leads to fierce competition among the sellers. 2. Alibaba offers huge discounts to the customers which creates pressure on suppliers. Opportunities 1. Alibaba has great investment opportunity in China which has been forecasted to grow exponentially in 2016-2020. 2. Alibaba has great opportunity in the emerging countries because of its strong brand recognition in the market. Threats 1. Rising competition from the emerging e-commerce portals is a threat to the company. 2. The profitability of e-commerce industry is declining because of customer demands. Porters Five Forces Barriers to Entry The industry has high returns due to which numerous firms have made efforts to imitate the business model of Alibaba.com. The business to business market segment has increased in the past few years which has encouraged the new players to enter the market. To enter the market of e-commerce, a company first needs to identify the target market for the specific industry. There have been firms such as finechemical.com, textilehome.com for chemical and textile industries respectively. These e-commerce companies target only a small market share of Alibaba.com and do not target a broad market segment. Buyer Bargaining Power The customers strength to pressurize the firm through their authority and power is the buyers bargaining power (Roy, 2011). Alibaba.com has small and medium sized enterprises as their customers who do not have their own websites. Alibaba sets its own standards which govern the small and medium firms and thus, these firms do not enjoy the liberty to set their own terms and conditions. Therefore, these firms cannot put pressure on Alibaba.com. On the other hand, the firms with their own websites are in the position to exert pressure on Alibaba.com for prices and other terms and conditions and thus, they negotiate with Alibaba to have some factors in their favor. Supplier Bargaining Power The suppliers for a firm could be labor, supplier of raw materials and components and services which could exert pressure over the firm (Hill and Jones, 2009). The suppliers could increase the price of raw material for the unique sources or simply say no to work with the firm. Alibaba does not have any suppliers because it is an e-commerce company which completely relies on marketing and advertising for its business. The company advertises itself through magazines, websites and newspapers which can only demand the market prices from the company. Thus, the bargaining power of supplier for Alibaba is limited. Availability of Substitutes When customers find the substitutable products with lower prices, they tend to switch towards them (Hill and Jones, 2009). The product substitute of Alibaba is the websites of companies through which they can easily attract their own customers and especially those customers who want to directly trade with the manufacturing company without any intermediate. Competition The rival firms are the determinant of the industrial factors for any firm (Hill and Jones, 2009). The rival firms compete with the firm through extensive marketing campaigns in order to attract the customers. Alibaba faces competition from free search engines such as Baidu.com and Google.com. The customers prefer to use these websites instead of Alibaba due to which Alibaba could incur profit loss. Environmental Analysis PESTEL Analysis: China PESTEL analysis would help us to understand the challenges faced by Alibaba in the Chinese market by assessing the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Political Factors Political factors include the government policy structure of the country. China is an emerging market economy and introduced the policy of revolution and opening to give an opportunity to the private players in the country. The country has a communist form of government due to which the private players were facing challenges regarding the credit facilities for the growth of their businesses. The private players of the country have contributed a significant portion of revenue towards the economic growth of the country in the past few years due to which the government directed its attention towards the private players (Orszag, 2014). The government has claimed to offer its full support for the establishment of the private players such as Alibaba.com (Yue, 2016).). Alibaba has been forecasted to grow even faster in the market of China which has been estimated to be one of the largest markets of the world. Economic Factors The economy of China has been growing over the past thirty years with consistency and has made China the second largest economy of the world. The GDP value of the country was $ 9.2 trillion in the year 2013 (Focus Economics, 2017). The growth rate of GDP is more than 9% with very low inflation rate (Focus Economics, 2017). Thus, the growing economy of China has facilitated the growth of Alibaba.com in China. Alibaba.com emerged as one of the fastest growing companies of China and received full assistance from the company to enter international market (Berkeley, 2013). Social Factors China has witnessed the upliftment of living standards of the people because of its rapid economic growth (Trading Economics, 2017). The disposable income of the people rose by 6.3% in the year 2016 and has been expected to grow during the tenure 2016 to 2020 (Xinhua, 2017)). Thus, Alibaba.coms growth has been triggered in China because of the increasing living standards of people. Technological Factors China is the leading country in terms of technological advancement. Thus, the countrys infrastructure supported the online payment and electronic payment system of Alibaba.com Legal Factors China has strict employment and contract laws which posed threat to Alibaba.com in the beginning, but Alibaba strictly adhered to every law and regulation to establish its market (Red Herring, 2014). The company has to ensure that the rights of both the parties are being maintained through the online payment system (China Briefing, 2015). Environmental Factors Alibaba has its major operations in China due to which it has to ensure the sustainability of its operational system in order to maintain the environmental system of China. PESTEL Analysis: Australia PESTEL analysis would help us to understand the challenges faced by Alibaba in the Australian market by assessing the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Political Factors The political factors of a country have a huge impact on the operations of the firm. Australia is a politically stable country with supportive government laws and policies. The government offer complete support to the Alibaba.com due to which it has been able to establish its market in the country. The strong government support of Australia has made the country to rank among the top five countries of world under the category of largest sellers of Alibaba.com (Koehn, 2017). Economic Factors Australia is a developed country and thus, has a stable economy with the growth rate of 2.5% of GDP (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). The country has maintained its consistent economic growth for the past 25 years (Scutt, 2016). The country witnessed the highest growth rate of 3.3% during 2016 (Scutt, 2016). In spite of global recession, the country has managed its economic growth. Thus, Australia provides favorable conditions for a business to run its operations within the country. The stable economy leads to increased disposable income of the people which leads to increasing sales for Alibaba.com. Australia is among the top five selling countries in the world. Australia has an inflation rate of 1.5% which benefits Alibaba.com as it is able to sell its product at high prices to the consumers (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). The unemployment rate of the country is only 5.7% which indicates that most of the population of the country is employed with weekly earnings of $1, 164 and h ousehold saving ratio of 5.2% (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). Thus, high employment rate supports the growth of the company. Social Factors Australia has a population of 24.1 million with 1.4% annual growth (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2017). The Australians have very high standards of life because of their high disposable income. The increasing population growth rate and high disposable income of people provides great opportunity for Alibaba.com because Australians are very spendthrift people when it comes to their standard of living and maintaining the latest trends and lifestyle. Alibaba.com has a diversified portfolio and offers a wide range of products ranging from daily utilities to luxurious products. This gives an edge to the e-commerce company and it is able to cater to a large segment of market in the country. Technological Factors Technology is growing in Australia with great speed and the nation has adapted itself with the changing technological trends. The government of Australia is making consistent efforts to develop the latest and advanced technology in the country by estimating the impact of technology on future of the country (ACOLA, 2015). The Australians do most of their shopping online and rely on their debit card and credit cards for the payments. The country has great technological infrastructure which supports online and electronic payments which is a favorable condition for the company. Thus, there is an existing target segment for the company and Alibaba did not have to make great efforts to establish its empire in the country. Further, it also received great response from the buyers in the country and has occupied the topmost position for selling nutrition products, milk powder, dietary supplements and snacks and coffee and beverages. Legal Factors The relationship of China and Australia has been evolving over the years. Earlier, China did not open the channel of export market for Australia due to which Alibaba.com could not flourish in Australia. It was on 20 December 2015 when China opened the doors of trade channel for Australia in the China Australia Free Trade Agreement (Australian Embassy China, 2017). China and Australia have now become trading partners through the treaty and China has been reported to be the largest goods export and import destination. Thus, Alibaba gained from this opportunity of the agreement and incurred huge sales last year. Alibaba faces challenges and threats due to strict laws of the country such as Intellectual Property Tax and IP rights protections, privacy and consumer rights. IP tax is paid from the pockets of Alibaba which impacts the profit of the company (The Tax Institute, 2012). The company had to make an investment in order to protect its IP rights. The company also has to strictly abid e by the consumer rights of the people in order to maintain its sustainable operations in the country. Environmental Factors Since Alibaba.com does not have its core operations established within the country due to which environmental factors does not have a huge impact on the company. Though, Alibaba.com recently opened its office in Australia in the year 2016, so the company has to ensure that the packaging material does not harm the environment of Australia (McDuling, 2016). Globalization Threats and Opportunities for Alibaba.com Opportunities Threats 1. Growing and stable economy. 2. Increasing disposable income of consumers. 3. Emerging technology in the country. 4. Increasing usage of online and electronic payments in the country. 1. Strict laws for IP tax, IP rights protection. 2. Strict consumer laws. 3. Faced the challenge of trade barriers before 2015. Recommendations After assessing the environmental factors for Alibaba.com it can be construed that the success of an organization depends on the political and economic stability of the country. Further, the government relation of host and home country are also of vital importance. Alibaba.com could not enter the market of Australia before chATFA, 2015. Disposable income and standard of living of consumers is also a crucial factor to determine the success of the organization in the market. Consumer awareness of the product or service also facilitates the growth of company in the global market. Since the Australians were already using online payment services, therefore, Alibaba.com did not face great difficulty to enter the market of Australia. Further, legal factors of the market also pose threat to the company. An organization must review the laws and regulation of the country before setting its foot in the market. For a service based company, consumer laws carry great significance and cannot be ign ored. Conclusion The report has successfully identified the threats and opportunities which are created by globalization. The discussion revolved around the market of Australia in order to assess the threats and opportunities for Alibaba.com. Alibaba.com is an e-commerce company which emerged in the growing market of China. Porters Five Forces evaluated that Alibaba.com does not face any threat from the suppliers because the company does not rely on supplier. The major threat faced by the e-commerce company is from the substitutability of the product and the website of large companies could hamper the business of Alibaba.com. PESTEL analysis evaluated that Alibaba.com received full support from the external environmental factors of China. The growing economy of China propelled the e-commerce company to grow in the Chinese market. The rise in standard of living of the people of China was supported by increasing disposable income of China which triggered the growth of company. Emerging technology in the country again acted as a support for the company due to which Alibaba.com could introduce the system of online and electronics payment system. PESTEL analysis with respect to Australia suggested that Alibaba.com faced the major challenge because of Chinas relationship with Australia which was reformed by chAFTA in 2015. The consistent economic growth of the country and increasing disposable income of the people supported the growth of Alibaba.com. The major threat faced by the company was the strict laws and regulations of the country including IP taxes, IP rights protection, privacy and consumer rights. Though Alibaba.com has been able to overcome those challenges and threats and made Australia one of the top five selling nations of the world. References ACOLA. (2015). Technology and Australias Future. Australian Council of Learned Academies. Available at: https://www.acola.org.au/PDF/SAF05/SAF05_Report_web_17Sept.pdf [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Australian Embassy China. (2017). ChAFTA. Australian Embassy China. Available at: https://china.embassy.gov.au/bjng/150617FTA.html [Accessed online 21 March 2017]. Berkeley, J. (2013). The Alibaba phenomenon. The Economist. Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21573981-chinas-e-commerce-giant-could-generate-enormous-wealthprovided-countrys-rulers-leave-it [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. China Briefing. (2015). Chinas E-Commerce Market Faces Tightened Regulations. China Briefing. Available at: [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Focus Economics. (2017). China Economic Outlook. Focus Economics. Focus Economics. Available at: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/china [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Hill, C., and Jones, G. (2009). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Australia: Cengage Learning. Koehn, E. (2017). Australia among top five nations selling on Alibabas TMall Global. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/industries/retail/australia-among-top-five-nations-selling-alibabas-tmall-global/ [Accessed online 21 March 2017]. McDuling, J. (2016). Alibaba is officially coming to Australia. The Sidney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/alibaba-is-officially-coming-to-australia-20160420-goaxe0.html [Accessed online 21 March 2017]. Orszag, P.R. (2014). Private Companies Are Driving China's Growth. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-10-14/private-companies-are-driving-china-s-growth [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Red Herring. (2014). Top five Chinese business laws everyone should know. Red Herring. Available at: https://www.redherring.com/startups/top-five-chinese-business-laws-everyone-should-know/ [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Reserve Bank of Australia. (2017). Australian Economy Snapshot. Reserve Bank of Australia. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/snapshots/economy-snapshot/ [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Roy, D. (2011). Strategic Foresight and Porter's Five Forces. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Scutt, D. (2016). Australia's economy has grown for 25 years, but it's come at a cost. Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/australias-economy-has-grown-for-25-years-but-its-come-at-a-cost-2016-10 [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. The Tax Institute. (2012). The Taxation of Intellectual Property in Australia. The Tax Institute. Available at: https://www.taxinstitute.com.au/seminar-and-conventions/the-taxation-of-intellectual-property-in-australia [Accessed online 21 March 2017]. Trading Economics. (2017). China Disposable Income per CapitaForecast 2016-2020. Trading Economics. Available at: [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Xinhua. (2017). China's personal income rises 6.3% in 2016. China Daily. Available at: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-01/20/content_28010029.htm [Accessed online 22 March 2017]. Yue, Z. (2016). Chinese government takes measures to encourage private investment. The State Council: The Peoples Republic of China. Available at: https://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/06/22/content_281475377697645.htm [Accessed online 22 March 2017].

Monopoly in the Unites States of America

Monopoly is a situation where there is only a single seller of a given product (a good or service) in the market (Sharkey, 1998). It emerges when the product has no close substitute. The government policies on monopolies such as prohibition, permitting or regulating activities usually affect businesses and society as a whole (Geddes, 2000). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monopoly in the Unites States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Monopoly has two extreme cases namely pure monopoly and pure or perfect competition. According to Posner (1999), pure monopoly is when one company controls completely the supply or sale of a product with no close substitute. Pure or perfect competition on the other hand occurs when there are several sellers of identical products in the same market (Posner, 1999). Natural monopoly Natural monopoly is a circumstance that occurs in the market when the average cost of product ion reduces as compared to relevant range of product demand (Sharkey, 1998). The relevant range of product demand is whereby the average cost curve falls below the demand curve making it is cheaper for a single large firm to provide for the market as compared to multiple smaller firms (Mckenzie, 2008). The government intervention is therefore necessary failure to which such markets would naturally turn to monopoly exploiting consumers through high pricing and limiting supply. Government-granted monopoly This is a form of monopoly whereby the government provides exclusive opportunity to a firm or private individual to be the only supplier of good or service to the market (Sharkey, 1998). In such a market potential competitors are barred through legislations that are enforced by the government as patent, copyright and trademarks (Geddes, 2000). The current monopoly in the Unites States of America is the United States Postal Service. This is an independent agency of the government. It was established in 1971 to solely provide postal services in the America.However, the first postal service in America was established in February 1692 through a grant from King William and Queen Mary to Thomas Neale to initiate a body that would receive and dispatch letters in the colony (Sharkey, 1998). The agency is currently administered by Board of Governors who establishes policies, procedures and rates that are applied in all services provided. The United States constitution has given the congress the authority to make laws that regulate delivery of mails thereby creating government-granted monopoly as the competitors are barred(Mckenzie,2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impacts of Postal Service monopoly in United States of America This monopoly has had several adverse effects on the consumers of the services offered by the agency. To start with, it has led to t he existence of low quality services as mails are sometimes mishandled hence getting torn as well as recording high number of mails getting lost. Secondly, it has led to constant increase in prices of postage stamps and other delivery services leading to the emergency of other companies such as the United Parcel services. Similarly, monopoly has led to slow advancement to technology within the sector as old methods of mail delivery are still applied such as use of motor vehicles instead of planes. This is evident as the agency has taken long to embrace technology as noted in 2007 through adoption of electronic postage payment methods. However, being a government granted monopoly, the government provides incentives to the agency to stabilize prices of mailing and stamps (Sharkey, 1998). The stamp copyright and reproduction act has also helped the agency to reduce forgery and unhealthy completion hence being fore ahead of their emerging competitors. Several professional economists h ave accused the agency of limiting supply. Rick Geddes argued that rural customers not able to get the goods due to lack of competition and are likely to pay more if goods are taken to them. Secondly, they argue that the government should award competitive contracts to private firms to provide the same services so as to reach all citizens (Geddes, 2000). This would uphold the notion of fairness through elimination of cross-subsidy that makes citizens reside in areas in which these services are found. In conclusion, monopoly is considered an evil of economic development and enjoyment of customers’ rights. The government intervention in the provision of goods and services therefore ensures these rights such as stable prices, adequate supply are achieved Posner, R. (1999). Pressure groups and the human right agencies have spearheaded calls by government to intervene in cases of natural or government-granted monopolies. References Mckenzie, R.B. (2008).How market power fosters cr eativity production. Loss Angeles: Prentice Hall. Posner, R. (1999).Natural monopoly and its regulation .Oxford: Oxford University PressAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Monopoly in the Unites States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Geddes, R. (2000).How to solve the problems of the U.S .Postal Services. New Jersey: American Society for quality. Sharkey, W. (1998).The theory of natural monopoly .New York: Harvard University Press. This essay on Monopoly in the Unites States of America was written and submitted by user Bella Head to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genetic Engineering Essays (510 words) - Molecular Biology

Genetic Engineering Essays (510 words) - Molecular Biology Genetic Engineering Imagine a world full of mini Hitlers seeking world domination, killing millions as their solution to establish a superior race or bunch or 2 headed humans eating a pig with 6 legs. These scenarios may sound like something out a science fiction novel, but this is the kind of things that people think about when they hear the words genetic engineering Genetic engineering is now an important part of this world. It is used to cure diseases, develop food that grows faster and food thats healthier. Without genetic engineering it will not be possible to feed the 10 billion humans expected by the year 2030. Only by using this new technology can we increase the food production enough so that it is possible to feed this growing world. This can be done by producing plant varieties that is more precisely adapted to local conditions. This also helps poor farmers by reducing their expenses such as pesticides. In developing worlds there are over 100 million children with vitamin A deficiency causing huge problems such as blindness. These people eat mainly rice and rice has no vitamin A. Right now the only way they can get enough vitamin A is by costly supplements that doesnt reach everyone. So scientists are genetically engineering rice so that it contains vitamin A, and this rice seed could be distributed to the poorest areas of the world, a brilliant and simple idea. So how can consumers living in developed world benefit from plant biotechnology? Using modern biotechnology scientists have already produced food with improved flavour, food that is better for health and food with better qualities. Examples of these are apples and sweet corns that are insect resistant, frost resistant strawberries and seedless grapes. One of the main reasons why people oppose genetic engineering is that they think biotechnology is an imprecise science and so it will likely to result in unanticipated outcomes and dangerous surprises. But did you know that people have been cross breeding plants and animals for thousands of years? And every time they do this they are randomly recombining up to 40,000 genes. If using biotech scientists are just moving 1 or 2 specific genes, and the effects can be monitored and tested more easily. So in comparison genetic engineering is a lot safer than traditional cross breeding. Another important aspect of genetic engineering is its medical purposes. For example cystic fibrosis maybe cured if a gene can somehow enter the cells that line that lungs, it will begin producing the critical proteins that CF patients lack. Scientists are working on this right now and some patients receiving this treatment have already been able to produce this protein in small quantities. Genetic engineering and the knowledge about the effects of DNA variation among individuals can lead to revolutionary new ways to treat and even prevent thousands of disorders that affect us. Learning about non-human organisms DNA can also help us understand their natural capabilities which can be applied towards solving challenges in health care, energy sources, agriculture, and environmental cleanup

Origin of the Word Protestant

Origin of the Word Protestant A Protestant is someone who follows one of the numerous branches of Protestantism, the form of Christianity created during the Reformation of the sixteenth century and spread across Europe and later the world. The term Protestant, therefore, came into use in the sixteenth century, and unlike many historical terms, you can work out what it means with a little bit of guesswork: it is, quite simply, all about protest. To be a Protestant was, essentially, to be a protestor. Origin of Protestant In 1517, the theologian Martin Luther spoke out against the established Latin Church in Europe on the subject of indulgences. There had been many critics of the Catholic Church before, and many had been crushed easily by the monolithic central structure. Some had been burned, and Luther faced their fate by starting an open war. But the anger at many aspects of a church considered corrupt and venal was growing, and when Luther nailed his theses to a church door (an established way of starting debate), he found he could gain patrons strong enough to protect him. As the Pope decided how best to deal with Luther, the theologian and his colleagues effectively evolved a new form of the Christian religion in a series of writings which were exciting, frenzied, and which would be revolutionary. This new form (or rather, new forms) were taken up by many princes and towns of the German empire. Debate ensued, with the Pope, Emperor, and Catholic governments on one side and members of the new church on the other. This sometimes involved genuine debate in the traditional sense of people standing, speaking their views, and letting another person follow, and sometimes involved the sharp end of weapons. The debate covered all of Europe and beyond. In 1526, a meeting of the Reichstag (in practice, a form of German imperial parliament) issued the Recess of 27 August, stating that each individual government within the empire could decide which religion they wished to follow. It would have been a triumph of religious freedom, had it lasted. However, a new Reichstag which met in 1529 was not so amenable to the Lutherans, and the Emperor canceled the Recess. In response, the followers of the new church issued the Protest, which protested against the cancellation on April 19th. Despite differences in their theology, Southern German cities aligned with Swiss reformer Zwingli joined other German powers following Luther to sign on to the ‘Protest’ as one. They thus became known as Protestants, those who protested. There would be many different variations of reformed thought within Protestantism, but the term stuck for the overall group and concept. Luther, amazingly when you consider what had happened to rebels in the past, was able to live and thrive rather than be killed, and the Protestant church established itself so strongly, it shows no signs of vanishing. However, there were wars and much bloodshed in the process, including the Thirty Years War which has been called as devastating for Germany as the conflicts of the twenty-first century.​​

Market Failure Resarch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market Failure Resarch - Research Paper Example It is the duty of the government to intervene and make sure that prices set are not discriminative. Government intervention in the price mechanism is largely based on aims of wanting to alter or change the allocation of resources and attain what they think to be an improvement social and economic welfare. Therefore, government intervenes in the economy with the aim of influencing the allocation of scarce resources on the market among competing consumers. The government formulates policy intervention with the aims to improve the performance of the economy, attain more equitable distribution of income, and correct market failure. There are various alternatives in which the government can use to intervene in market. For instance, government legislation and regulation whereby it passes laws that prohibit the sale of certain goods such as cigarettes to people under the age of eighteen. Furthermore, competition laws works against cartels that are used to price fixing. In addition, it can use fiscal policy intervention to alter the level of demand for distinct products in the market. Government intervention has always created inequity in society in that certain groups gain more than the others do. For instance, it is equitable for the government to provide educational maintenance allowances for 16-18 children from low-income households for them to stay in school after GCSE. It is vital to note that government intervention in the market will never be neutral. For instance, financial support offered by the State to specific producers rather than others creates unequal society in that there are winners and

Information System for Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Information System for Managment - Essay Example This paper approves that decision making is the most critical function of management. This is undertaken by a manager at every level from the top to the lowest level of management. Thus in the example of Wal-Mart , the store head, the process manager, the inventory control manager, the sales manager, the personnel and the administration manager will have to take decisions at their individual levels. MIS will provide critical support to each of these managers to enable them to carry out their tasks efficiently. While information is critical, it has be evaluated carefully by the manager at each level and cannot be based purely on that provided by the MIS. Since management is a human and dynamic function, a manager should be able to exercise his judgement in each case and use MIS as a tool for functioning rather than let it override other critical factors. This essay makes a conclusion that Software reliability is frequently based on the needs for which it is put. A Borough Council is not likely to have people who are attuned to functioning in a flexible, information technology rich environment, thus there is a need to train them in both soft and hard skills when such a change over of systems is undertaken. It is apparent that neither the Borough nor the provider of FLARE had taken into account the importance of taking the employees on board which finally resulted in the problems brought out in the case study.

The Idea of Happiness in “I Served the King of England” by Bohumil Hrabal Essay Example for Free

The Idea of Happiness in â€Å"I Served the King of England† by Bohumil Hrabal Essay I Served the King of England by Bohumil Hrabal is a tragicomic novel, a first-person account by Dite, a teenage busboy starting his career in a rural hotel in Czechia. The plot progresses gradually as Dite becomes a waiter and than an owner of a hotel, eventually losing everything except wisdom. The book is structured as a series of picturesque episodes demonstrating people whom Dite meets and situations he gets into during the pre-war period, Nazi occupation of the country and eventually under the communist regime. In this paper I am going to concentrate on one psychological aspect of the novel, namely on the idea of happiness as Dite sees it. At first sight, Dite sees happiness in money and insists on his desire to become a millionaire, however, I will attempt to prove that the actual incentive for Dite’s conduct is desire of respect and recognition. He does not want the entire world to admire him, rather striving to respect of the people whom he himself respects. It is not easy to say whether Dite eventually achieved his purpose, but at the end he at least comes to reconciliation with the surrounding world. In order to prove this point I will refer to the particular parts of the texts as well as to the general plot and spirit of the book. Dite obviously suffers from inferiority complex. He is adulterate, poor and short, so, suffering from all the disadvantages of such situation, he decides to become rich and respected. However, his conduct is often impulsive and determined by his up-to-minute desires. The book can be viewed as a confession of an aged man who analyses his life journey. The language of the book progresses from a naà ¯ve story-telling by a young boy to a considered narrative depicted by older Dite. His priorities can be clearly indicated in every stage of his life. Dite hardly thinks of happiness as itself, for most of his life he rather strives to tread in the steps of the people he meets and whom he deems to be successful. He is â€Å"amazed at how rich people could sit around for the whole evening talking about how just outside the town was a footbridge and right beside the footbridge, thirty years back there was a popular tree and they they’d really get going†[1]. He starts to realize the need of happiness as such at the very late stage of his life, while all his previous existence is a mimicry. Dite’s love for money reveals already in the first scenes of the book. As a busboy he swindles money out of his customers and pretends to be an orphan to get more cash from compassionate passengers on the railroad station. At that he seems to be a cynical person with little moral principles. However, he also has no good example before his eyes, as he has to communicate with drunken customers, heartless master of the hotel and roguish colleagues. So, very early he comes to idea that money rules the world, and in order to be recognized one needs to be rich. He is therefore very proud of â€Å"having money of my own, a couple of hundred a month, and once I even got handed a thousand-crown note†[2]. In this period of Ditie’s life money is an opportunity of self-esteem for him. Very soon it can be observed that money as itself is not a purpose for Dite. He has little idea of how capitals are made and he is not interested in power given by money. What he wants is a luxurious life like that of which he hears from his older pals and like that he finds in Prague. The lavish and careless lifestyle of the pre-war Czech capital becomes his ideal, and he merely wants to enjoy this life in a company of the same playboys. He â€Å"wanted to be surrounded by millionaires†[3]. Being a rather fussy person, Dite becomes lofty when he has an opportunity to remind that â€Å"he is a waiter who served the King of England†. It was not actually the King of England, but an emperor of Ethiopia whom Dite served, but he does not lose an opportunity to brag a little, because this is a moment of his greatest glory. This moment is so important, that Hrabal used it as a name of the book. The narrative is told in the name of old and wise Dite, who, perhaps, realizes the meaninglessness of his claim, so the name is a sharp self-irony. On the other hand, Dite really has nothing more to boast, because serving the King was a point if his highest social recognition, which was so important for young Dite and which is so unimportant for older Dite. Whether consciously or not, Dite attempts to imitate the habits of his neighborhood, and works hard to make enough money to visit a local bordello, of which he hears so much. Further throughout the story relationship with women and sexual intercourses remain to be a strong incentive for him, although his marriage ends with tragedy and disgrace, bringing his to jail, social condemnation and exile. Women are a kind of fatal temptation for Dite, another tool for his self-affirmation and another source of his disappointment. Hrabal uses the story of Dite’s relationships with women as a notable symbol of hic character’s frustration. Dite has a strong desire for women, although this is also rather an attempt to be similar to someone, than his natural need. As an teenage boy he is kin on having at least some woman, yet intercourses with local prostitutes do not satisfy him. Later in Prague he seems to be close to the goal of his life as he marries Lise and makes plans to open his own hotel. This dream would be innocent, in case Lise was not a German activist, and the plot would not develop right before and right after the Munich treaty. German occupation is a turning point in Dite’s life. This is actually the period when his awakening begins. Humiliation by the German authorities, work in the Nazi research institute, and finally Lise’s death during the air raid makes Dite see an another kind of example in the people around him. He really never â€Å"finds the head†[4], and it is somehow his own head. Dite is in fact a â€Å"weathercock†. He hardly cares of the fact that he collaborates with the occupants of his homeland. For him the Germans are just those who are currently on top, and another opportunity to become successful under a new regime. And if he has to prove that he is a â€Å"pure Aryan breed†, and if he has to work on production of even better â€Å"Aryan breed†, and if he is able to make money by selling the precious things confiscated from murdered Jews, so why not? Further events are a sort of punishment for his vagrancies. He loses his wife, he loses hope for luxurious and easy-going life, and he loses even those crumbs of social recognition which he previously enjoyed[5]. Dite’s entire world is ruined, and there is no hope on rebirth. At the second part of the novel Dite becomes that what he was at the beginning – nothing. The illusions of happiness dispel bringing him to the beginning of a new way. Perhaps the entire story is Dite’s attempt of self-analysis. He revisits the situations of his life, trying to imagine how he would have acted in case he would have acted differently. There is no longer opportunity for changing those circumstances, and there is no way back, so the only resort he can afford is fatalistic wisdom in his new calm life in a frontier village, far from all what he previously so estimated. Eventually, he does become a millionaire, at least the name of the book’s last chapter hints this. Yet it is an another kind of richness. His material wealth at the end is a small house, a cat and a goat, but he feels himself richer than he could ever imagine. The unbelievable that came true stayed with me, and I believed in the unbelievable, in the star that had followed me through life, and with its gleam constantly before my eyes I began to believe in it more and more†¦Now that I had been brought to my knees, I realized that my star was brighter than ever, that only now would I be able to see its true brightness, because my eyes had been weakened by everything I had lived through, weakened so that they could see more and know more.[6] It is in this passage where the real nature of happiness in Dite’s view reveals. Having no idea of actual happiness he tries many surrogates, before all of them are ruined and he can smile ironically looking back at his life of a â€Å"person who served the King of England† and here he can just take compassion on that older Dite, who spared his life hunting for delusive mirages. He was just to eager to become successful, too eager to be rich, too eager to be pleased, while happiness was something different. Works Cited: 1. Hrabal, Bohumil. I Served the King of England. Vintage, 1990.

Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization Hierarchy Essay

Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization Hierarchy The literature supports the position that there should be a relationship between the structure and organization change. This study was undertaken to determine how different organization roles, hierarchy, and sizes affect planned strategic change. A survey instrument was administered to top federal government agency leadership to assess change in their organization. The intention is to draw common relationships between organization change and specific categories or sizes of organizations. Role of Change Business strategy and structure have always been related. Organizational change involves innovation, process improvement, and organizational redesign (Galbraith and Lawler, 1993). They also noted that the hierarchical structure is related to changes in speed, quality and productivity. In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated so drastically that most organizational structures and management principles have no hope of adjusting or adapting (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Today’s changes are discontinuous and happening at a geometric rate. Organizations must be sufficiently agile to be instantly reconfigurable to meet new demands (Tetenbaum, 1998). Change efforts involve attempting to reduce discrepancies between the real and the ideal (Hersey and Blanchard, 1993). The change could be a first order change that occurs in a stable system that itself remains unchanged. It could be a second order change when fundamental properties of the system are changed such as the fall of communism (Hersey and Blanchard, 1993). Evolutionary changes are gradual and tend to be first order while revolutionary changes are second order. Both of these events could be driving the changes described in this study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some changes are limited and incremental in nature. Strategic, system wide changes implemented under crisis conditions are highly risky. Nadler and Tushman (1990) found that all strategic organizational changes initiated under crisis conditions with short time constraints were by far the riskiest. Such changes usually require a change in core values. Some recent trends that have generally lead to significant changes in corporate culture are reengineering, shift to horizontal forms of organizing, total quality management (Daft, 1998). These should not negate the i... ...tudy in TQM, leadership, and organizational culture in a government agency. Public Administration Review, 56: 227-236. Scott, W. R. (1998). Organizations rational, natural, and open systems (4th ed.). San Francisco: Chandler Publishing. Scott, W. R. 1998. Organizations rational, natural, and open systems (4th ed.). San Francisco: Chandler Publishing. Seidman, H. (1998). Politics, position, and power: The dynamics of federal organization (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Seidman, H. (1998). Politics, position, and power: The dynamics of federal organization (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Senge, P. 1990. The fifth discipline. New York, NY: Doubleday. Tetenbaum, T. J. (spring 1998). Shifting Paradigms: From Newton to chasos. Organizatinal Dynamics, pp. 21-33. Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. 1985. Organization evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 7. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. United States government manual 2000. Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization Hierarchy Essay Strategic Change in Government Based on Organization Hierarchy The literature supports the position that there should be a relationship between the structure and organization change. This study was undertaken to determine how different organization roles, hierarchy, and sizes affect planned strategic change. A survey instrument was administered to top federal government agency leadership to assess change in their organization. The intention is to draw common relationships between organization change and specific categories or sizes of organizations. Role of Change Business strategy and structure have always been related. Organizational change involves innovation, process improvement, and organizational redesign (Galbraith and Lawler, 1993). They also noted that the hierarchical structure is related to changes in speed, quality and productivity. In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated so drastically that most organizational structures and management principles have no hope of adjusting or adapting (Hammer and Champy, 1993). Today’s changes are discontinuous and happening at a geometric rate. Organizations must be sufficiently agile to be instantly reconfigurable to meet new demands (Tetenbaum, 1998). Change efforts involve attempting to reduce discrepancies between the real and the ideal (Hersey and Blanchard, 1993). The change could be a first order change that occurs in a stable system that itself remains unchanged. It could be a second order change when fundamental properties of the system are changed such as the fall of communism (Hersey and Blanchard, 1993). Evolutionary changes are gradual and tend to be first order while revolutionary changes are second order. Both of these events could be driving the changes described in this study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some changes are limited and incremental in nature. Strategic, system wide changes implemented under crisis conditions are highly risky. Nadler and Tushman (1990) found that all strategic organizational changes initiated under crisis conditions with short time constraints were by far the riskiest. Such changes usually require a change in core values. Some recent trends that have generally lead to significant changes in corporate culture are reengineering, shift to horizontal forms of organizing, total quality management (Daft, 1998). These should not negate the i... ...tudy in TQM, leadership, and organizational culture in a government agency. Public Administration Review, 56: 227-236. Scott, W. R. (1998). Organizations rational, natural, and open systems (4th ed.). San Francisco: Chandler Publishing. Scott, W. R. 1998. Organizations rational, natural, and open systems (4th ed.). San Francisco: Chandler Publishing. Seidman, H. (1998). Politics, position, and power: The dynamics of federal organization (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Seidman, H. (1998). Politics, position, and power: The dynamics of federal organization (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Senge, P. 1990. The fifth discipline. New York, NY: Doubleday. Tetenbaum, T. J. (spring 1998). Shifting Paradigms: From Newton to chasos. Organizatinal Dynamics, pp. 21-33. Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. 1985. Organization evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 7. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. United States government manual 2000. Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Impact of Foreign Maids on Young Children

Project work Preliminary idea draft 3 -Qian Mengyuan 13s210 Choice of topic: access The problem: too much access to foreign maids Nowadays, due to the fast-paced work life, parents don’t have enough time to take care of their own children, hence they employ foreign maids to help them look after their children and manage household chores. As there is easy access [1]of maid service, there will be some impact (table 1) on the young children. Hence this project aims to reduce the negative impact and improve the quality of maids. Impact | |(+) | |Reduce the burden of parents | |Parents can be focused during work. | |Young children will not be lonely when parents are working. | |Enough infant education. | |(-) | |Children become lazy & cannot grow up independently. | |Maids are Unwell-trained-influence young children with bad habits e. g. azy, smoking. | |Very dangerous. Children may be hurt by the maids[2]. | |Poor relationships between parents and their children. | |Over-reliance of maids[3], | |â€Å" lazy society†[4] | Table1: the impact of easy excess maid service on young children and their parents. |Stakeholders |Why they ooperate | |? Parents who are too busy to look after their children |Safer and better environment for children to grow up. | |? the agencies[5] of foreign maids |Better quality will attract more customers. | |? students who study advertising &public relations in Temasek |Improve their advertising and publicity skills. | |polytechnic | | |? eighborhood committee of |Its their duty to ensure better life in the community. | In doing so, the collaboration will minimize the harmful impact as mentioned above. Proposals |Highlight plan: parents awareness day |Action plan: training plan | |Organization involved: |Organization involved: | |? +? |? | |Target audience: |Target audience: | |? Foreign maid who will be employed to take care of children. | |Objectives: | | |To raise the awareness of parents about their care of children. |Details of plan: | |Details of plan: |-connect with the maids agencies to train them by giving them | |- collect information of family with maids from the |certain lessons and conduct examinations after the lesson. |neighborhood committee |-after passing the exam they can then sign a guarantee. | |- let the children to write cards, make small gift and make |-certain amount of fine will be asked by the agency if maids | |videos -what they want to say to parents (done by ? ) to show |are complained. | |their need of parents. |-therefore maids will be more careful. | |- organize a â€Å"i want to say† session between parents and |-teach the maids how to help the children to grow up | |children to allow parents to know more about their children. independently by teaching them do simple housework with prize, | |- The committee educates parents about the importance of taking|but not do everything for them. | |more care of children. | | |-date:1/6/2013 | | |-place: meridian pri mary school(rent a room) | | Rationale: (+): -children will grow up independently, happily and learn to care about others | |the quality of maids will be ensured> more requirement | |the safety and good environment of young children will be ensured | |- Closer relationship between children and parents. | |(-):-the price for employing a maid will be increased because of the training. | [pic] Figure 1. [pic]Figure2 the â€Å"I want to say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ card for children to write down what they want to say to their parents. [pic] The paper heart shape made by children to show their love and need to their parents. [pic] Figure 3 Word Count: 496 [Excluding titles, headings/sub-headings (underlined) and footnotes] ———————– [1] Figure 1 [2] Malaysia – Indonesian maid hurling baby onto floor. http://videocombo. com/video. php? v=678&error=access_denied&error_code=200&error_description=Permissions+error&error_reason=user_denied &state#_=_ [3] Figure 2. A Singapore soldier’s shame? His maid carries his rucksack. ttp://translate. google. com. sg/translate? hl=zh-CN&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. globalpost. com%2Fdispatches%2Fglobalpost-blogs%2Fthe-rice-bowl%2Fsingapore-soldiers-shame-his-maid-carries-his-rucksack&anno=2 [4] But go-getter Singapore appears particularly reliant on its 200,000-plus maids. http://translate. google. com. sg/translate? hl=zh-CN&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. globalpost. com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Fasia-pacific%2F120529%2Fsingapore-maid-domestic-servant-labor-rights&anno=2 [5] 1. Filipino maids agencies 2. Maid Agency in Singapore 3. Filipino maid

Sebastians voodoo

Baldwin attention to detail was part of what made this AD animation intriguing. He used the animation technique of anthropomorphism by showing the breathing movements of the dolls. The film used a lot Of imagination, emotion and drama. The short video told a complete story without missing any plots, which made the mood of the piece very mysterious and suspenseful. Till the very end of the film, kept wondering what was going to happen next, if the witch doctor was going to spot the escaped doll or if the doll was going to successfully kill the doctorate.I also felt sympathy for the dolls because they looked worried and frightened. The uses of deem lightning was a major contribution to the eerie feel of the animation. It was easy to understand that the film was going to be gloomy and dark because of the low lightning. The dark silhouette of the witch doctor also contributed to the fear of the unknown. The juxtaposition of light and darkness was also emphasized. The dark lights in the b eginning and the bright lights at the end enhanced the story and plot. The witchdoctor symbolized darkness and the voodoo dolls ironically, symbolized light and hope.When the witch doctor died, a bright light filled the room, which showed that good always wins against evil and the voodoo dolls had been saved. Right from the onset of the film, the moody soundtrack, which played through out the film at different tempos, sets up a mysterious atmosphere of suspense, fear and tension. The music, which is non-dietetic, gave the animation a dark and sinister feel. Before the witch doctor pinned the first voodoo doll, the soundtrack was exciting and drum eke, but after the doll fell to the table, the sound track changed to a mournful tone.The moody soundtrack supplemented the lack of dialogue and narration as the soundtrack also told the story. Aside from mood music, there were also dietetic sounds; flickering lights, footsteps, switching of the light switch and opening and closing of doors were also important details as they added to the feeling of suspense and fear of the unknown. Additionally, the animation was fairly cartoon but the voodoo dolls had realistic human like movements. The animation was also very full as there are a lot Of movements, which improved the quality Of the animation.The themes of life and death used in this piece showed a higher level of maturity because they rose above basic themes usually used for exaggerated animations. The last few seconds of the animation, touched on a contemporary subject matter that is important today- self-sacrifice. Sacrificing our personal needs for the ones we love can lead to a greater good. Just like how the escaped voodoo doll was courageous in sacrificing his own life by facing off the evil antagonist, e was able to save the other voodoo dolls from death.

Tragedy of the Titanic essays

Tragedy of the Titanic essays The devastating loss of life on the night of April 14, 1912, caused the unsinkable Titanic to become both a captivating and historic event, which continues to be depicted through books, movies and plays developed from descriptions of the survivors. The Titanic disaster, especially these past few years, ceases to remain silent. It has become an influential topic of interest for society, and the media has captured our fascination with this tragedy making it symbol of "the good old days" (Biel 1). The Titanic was "a lost golden age of order, authority, stable social roles, and codes of behavior" (Biel 1). Jim Beckerman reported that there had been seventeen movies, nineteen documentaries, and over a hundred books and songs made about the Titanic. He also quoted a historical consultant who said, "The Titanic is the key part of our popular culture" (1). On April 12, 1912, the luxurious Titanic was ready to provide accommodations for the rich and new beginnings for the poor in America (McMillan and Lehrer 22). Excitement spread all over England about this "unsinkable ship" through posters and newspaper articles. Her voyage embarked from South Hampton, England to New York (McMillan and Lehrer 6). The Titanic was noteworthy for its extraordinary luxury. It possessed a first class dining saloon with seating for five hundred passengers. In addition, there was an "a la carte" restaurant for smaller private dinner parties. Each room had Jacobean style alcoves with leaded glass windows. In addition, over 127 thousand pieces of tableware, including bone china dinner plates and eight hundred crystal cut glass tumblers lined its closets (McMillan and Lehrer 52). Because of its design and workmanship, problems with the Titanic were not expected. Little did the crew or passengers know that just a gentle graze of an iceberg would be the beginning of the end. After the Titanic had collided with the iceberg, the crew did not expec...

Writing Resources for Teenagers

Writing Resources for Teenagers Writing Resources for Teenagers Writing Resources for Teenagers By Ali Hale I know from the comments that lots of teens read Daily Writing Tips, and as a former teenage writer myself, I wanted to offer some of my tips and favourite resources. I’ve been telling stories for as long as I can remember – even before I could write, I made up stories to tell to my mum and baby brother. As a teen, I wrote a science-fiction novella (about 40,000 words) aged 14/15. I still have it tucked away in a wardrobe in my parent’s house. Here’s some of the advice I could have done with back then (I’m going to be focusing on teen fiction writers here, but you’ll find some useful links if you’re a blogger or non-fiction writer too. A lot of the sites referenced are great for under-13s too, and plenty of the good writing advice applies to adults, not just teens!) Ali’s tips Before I get to the list of resources, I’ll give you three quick tips that helped me as a teen writer. 1. Join a writers’ circle or evening class – I started going to one when I was 14 and stayed until I left for university aged 18. I was the youngest member by a long way, but I was made very welcome and I learnt a huge amount. 2. Write every day – I used to scribble away in the school library in my lunch-hour, and my parents gave me a word processor (more like a glorified typewriter than a computer) when I was 15. (Aged 16, I discovered an online writing game, and the rest of my writing all but stopped for two years†¦) 3. â€Å"Borrow† plots from classics – The first stories I wrote that I was happy with, aged 12, were based on Beowulf (see a study guide for this book here) and the Ballad of Semmerwater (both of which we were studying in English class). Young Writer Magazine I used to read this when I was about 12, and then it stopped being published for years. It’s being published regularly again (hurrah!) though a bit late for me. It caters for writers under 18, and publishes children’s and teens’ fiction and poetry. You might have trouble finding it on the magazine racks if you’re outside the UK, but you can subscribe on the Young Writer website, wherever you live in the world. (I also recommend reading general writing magazines aimed at adults – these will have plenty of articles aimed at beginners, and give you a real sense of the publishing industry.) Competitions Open to Teens One of my real frustrations as a teen writer was that Writing Magazine’s competitions were only open if you were 16+ (due to awarding cash prizes). Happily, there are lots of teen-specific writing competitions. Here’s just a couple of them: TooWrite (run by Young Writer) which is open to writers aged 16 and under, of any nationality. The prizes on offer are great, too; your height in books if you’re under 10, the length of your foot in CDs if you’re 11-13, and your age in number of DVDs if you’re 14-16. The Green Story Teen Version (Link no longer active) – This is a competition where you can submit a chapter of a collaborative novel. The chapters get voted on and the best one becomes part of the novel. If you google writing competitions, youll find plenty of links and keep an eye out on noticeboards at school, in bookstores or at public libraries for local competitions. Online Articles Over the past few years, I’ve come across some excellent online articles aimed at teen writers. Here’s a few that I recommend reading: From Vision: A Resource for Writers: Being a Teenage Writer – by Lorianne Watts (aged 17 at the time she wrote the article). Five Practical Tips for Young Writers – by Beth Adele Long, the associate editor of Young Writer’s Scene. (NB: something is wrong with the formatting of this one; if you copy-and-paste the whole thing into Word, it’s readable!) Helping Younger Writers by Lazette Gifford, the editor of Vision. Aimed at adults who want to help younger writers, but give it a read if you’re a teen too. Starting Out: A Guide for Young Writers by Victoria Hastings (who had her first newspaper publication when she was in the fifth grade). Articles from elsewhere: Guidelines for Teen ProBloggers – from ProBlogger. Great advice if you want to get into professional (i.e. money-making!) blogging. Tips for Young Writers – from Zoe Marriott (who writes for a young adult audience). She answers several reader questions here. 10 Things Teenage Writesr Should Know About Writing – very honest advice, humorously offered. I wish I’d read this when I was fourteen†¦! Recommended books Try borrowing, begging or buying copies of a few good books on writing. These tend to be aimed at adult (or college student) writers, but the advice is usually straightforward and perfectly suitable for beginners. Two of the books I’ve found very useful are: Nigel Watts’ Teach Yourself: Writing A Novel And Getting Published – I’ve had my copy since I was 14 (I still remember buying it with my birthday money in 1999) The cover’s almost fallen off now, which shows how useful it’s been over the years! Palgrave’s How to Write Fiction (And Think About it). This is aimed at students, and goes into a lot of depth and theory about fiction writing – but I’d suggest giving it a go anyway. If you’re an intelligent teen, you can handle it. Your school librarian may be able to recommend some good books, and if you know any adult writers, try asking them. NaNoWriMo I’ll end this article by pointing you towards NaNoWriMo (National Novel Writing Month), which starts on November 1st. Challenge yourself to write a 50,000 word novel in just one month – hundreds of thousands of people get involved every November, and there’s a dedicated Young Writers’ program for kids and teens (where you set your own target number of words). If you’re aged 13 – 17, you can sign up for the Young Writers’ program or the main site. It would be fantastic to hear from some of Daily Writing Tips’s teen writers – we know you’re out there! What are you working on at the moment? Do you write fiction, a blog, or something else entirely? What do you find best and worst about being a teen writer? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsLoan, Lend, Loaned, LentKn- Words in English

Maslow's Theory of Needs and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maslow's Theory of Needs and Leadership - Essay Example The implementation of CSR in an organization can be integrated with Maslow’s theory of motivation through the employees. Employees have a need to be recognized in the organization, which is a major part of Maslow’s theory of motivation. The achievement of CSR in an organization is achieved through a trade-off between the social responsibility and financial impacts of the program, which can be achieved by the provision of motivation to the employees. The second article, â€Å"Learn Change Leadership from Two Great Teachers† (Maccoby), discusses the systems that can be used in an organization to make it more effective and efficient. The author cites the examples of two historical figures that helped in the development of systems to motivate employees. The author proposes that employees work best in an organization when intrinsic motivation is applied to their performance, which is in line with Maslow’s theory of motivation. According to Maslow, an employee h as different levels of motivational needs, with one of the main ones being intrinsic motivation. ... The article proposes that a leader’s job is to create conducive environments for their employees to achieve their full potential, which can be interpreted according to Maslow’s theory of extrinsic motivation. The author discusses the failure of leaders in today’s organizations to allow employees develop their full potential, which includes allowing an employee to exert their own leadership skills. According to Maslow’s theory, this is helping an employee develop the full levels of the motivational steps. The development of an employee’s full potential is based on four major steps, with the first step being the availing of learning opportunities to employees. The second step is involving employees in the decision-making process, and the third step is allowing employees to lead so they can grow in the organization. The last step of O’Toole’s process is the measurement of the development of the organization, which in turn includes measuri ng the employees’ development. The article by Hawthorne discusses the application of people processes in the organization to motivate employees. The author discusses three main steps in the people management process that help an organization develop the best employee force, which is also related to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The first step in the process is the selection process of franchises and the best employees for the job. The second step is training the selected people to accomplish tasks in the organization, and the last step is performance management. According to Maslow’s theory, the performance management process is the best way of achieving motivation for employees, since the employees are rewarded for their job in the organization. The author

Strategic Management at British Airways Case Study

Strategic Management at British Airways - Case Study Example The present study on British Airways is to identify, evaluate and assess the planning, development and implementation process of its strategy management and to analyze the performance of the strategic decisions made as part of the strategic management on the organization because it is believed that British Airways has been able to achieve the present position since its establishment in 1919 only due to its strategic management decisions (Cole, G.A., 2003:191). This section deals with various literatures available on the present research in order to study the process of planning, development and implementation in British Airways and also to identify the role of various stakeholders in the decision making process. Thompson, Martin and Thompson (2009:p2) stated that strategy is about how organizations cope with the world which is dynamic and emergent with technologies, design and competitors getting revamped at regular intervals providing the impetus t reformulate the existing strategy and restructure the organizations in order to survive in the competitive market. It is further clarified that strategies are means to ends; whereas the process of strategic management involves clarifying the desired ends, mapping out a route for achieving them (development), putting those strategies into practice (implementation), changing what the organization is doing tactically in the face of competition and unexpected issues that arise and finally evaluating progress and performance. Mintzberg (cited in Idenburg, 1993) stated that there are at least ten schools of strategy development with two fundamental dimensions i.e. goal orientation (what) and process orientation (how). The process of strategy developme nt includes rational planning, planning as guided learning process, logical in incrementalism and emergent strategy. Idenburg (1993) stated that four alternative view of the process of strategy development must be reflected in business research and education. Thompson and Martin (2005, p8) mention that strategic management is a complex and fascinating subject with straightforward underlying principles but no right answers. It is further stated that companies succeed if their strategies are appropriate for the circumstances they face and are feasible in respect of their resources, skills and capabilities and the same companies fail if the fail to meet the expectations of its stakeholders or produce undesirables outcomes. According to Thompson and Martin (2005), strategies are means to end as opined various other researchers and management specialists and managers are strategy makers to some extent in the companies. This statement articulates that mangers are the key persons involved in the strategic management process of planning who then take decisions regarding the development and implementation in the organization. The aviation industry has undergone major transition phase wherein the main stakeholders were involved and have been granted a greater degree of autonomy. Airlines were the first to realize the importance of strategies and strategic decision making in a competitive environment (Delfmann, 2005; p3). British Airways (BA) is major international airline with multinational operations which came into existence with merger of two

Precis for two articles or write a good topic you think Essay - 2

Precis for two articles or write a good topic you think - Essay Example Even though population size is larger in developing countries and has higher growth rate, the greater threat is still developed countries. Developing countries however contribute to the threat of higher consumption through emigration to developed countries or through efforts for improving living standards and per capita consumption such as in China. China is a fast growing economy. While its current per capita consumption is 11 times lower than the one for developed countries, its large population means that continued increase in its per capita consumption would be a great threat to sustainability. Increase in its per capita consumption to 32 would increase global oil consumption by more than 100 percent and global metal consumption by almost 100 percent (Diamond 1, 2). If India could also join China to the 32-consumption level then the global consumption rate would increase by 300 percent while improvement of consumption in all developing countries would increase global consumption by about 1100 percent. Even though Americans suggest that improved governance and better policies could improve lifestyles in developing countries, these may not be valid solutions because economies may not be able to sustain increased consumption levels. Americans are also critical of countries with increasing consumption rates yet these rates are well below that in America. While developing countries may seek to improve their consumption rates towards equality, resource scarcity is a limitation and developed countries may not be willing to reduce their rates. Some of the factors to high consumption rates are however wasteful and minimizing them can ensure a balance with a level of sustainability. Political goodwill appears the necessary tool to this success (Diamond 2 , 3). Malakoff David authored the article, ‘Be fruitful and multiply?’ that the Conservation Magazine published in December 2009. The author identifies conflicting opinions on global

Sociology of Law: Theories and Concepts

Sociology of Law: Theories and Concepts Introduction The three classical thinkers of Sociology, Marx, Weber and Durkheim have one thing in common regarding the Sociology of Law; their theories were part and parcel of a more fundamental sociological perspective and theory of society. Marx will be the odd one among the three because, the work of Marx is on theoretical ground not evidently connected to the aspirations of sociology, but historically Marxs writings have informed a considerable body of sociological writings until this day. Marx made a contribution to social science by suggesting the instrumentalist theory of law in contributing to and justifying social inequality. Durkheims work orients around the key dimensions of social issues as involving both factual and normative dimensions of society. Whereas Weber is considered as the founding father par excellence of the modern sociology of law. When Weber observed that social life in the modern era had become more and more rationalized in a purposive-rational sense, he no only conte mplated the central role of economy, stat, and bureaucracy, but along with it also discussed the role of law as the basis of modern political authority. Weber specifically outlined the characteristics of a formally rationalized legal system that is primarily guided by the application of procedure. Sociology of Law The sociology of law is often described as a sub-discipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal studies. While some socio-legal scholars see the sociology of law as necessarily belonging to the discipline of sociology, others see it as a field of research caught up in the disciplinary tensions and competitions between the two established disciplines of law and sociology. Yet, others regard it neither as a sub-discipline of sociology nor as a branch of legal studies and, instead, present it as a field of research on its own right within a broader social science tradition. For example, Roger Cotterrell describes the sociology of law without reference to mainstream sociology as the systematic, theoretically grounded, empirical study of law as a set of social practices or as an aspect or field of social experience. Irrespective of whether the sociology of law is defined as a sub-discipline of sociology, an approach within legal studies, or a field of research in its own right, it remains intellectually dependent mainly on mainstream sociology, and to lesser extent on other social sciences such as social anthropology, political science, social policy, criminology and psychology, i.e. it draws on social theories and employs social scientific methods to study law, legal institutions and legal behaviour. More specifically, the sociology of law consists of various sociological approaches to the study of law in society, which empirically examines and theorizes the interaction between law and legal institutions, on the one hand, and other (non-legal) social institutions and social factors, on the other. Areas of socio-legal inquiry include the social development of legal institutions, forms of social control, legal regulation, the interaction between legal cultures, the social construction of legal issues, legal profession, and the relation between law and social change. The sociology of law also benefits from and occasionally draws on research conducted within other fields such as comparative law, critical legal studies, jurisprudence, legal theory, law and economics and law and literature. The Classical Thinkers The roots of the sociology of law can be traced back to the works of sociologists and jurists of the turn of the previous century. The relationship between law and society was sociologically explored in the seminal works of both Max Weber and Emile Durkheim. The works of Karl Marx was not immediately influential in the development of the sociology of law as no direct historical path led from his thought to subsequent sociological schools of thought. Marxs work was later appropriated by critical sociologists who sought to break with the consensual thinking that they felt characterized much of mainstream sociology in the years after World War II. The writings on law by these classical sociologists are foundational to the entire sociology of law today. A number of other scholars, mainly jurists, also employed social scientific theories and methods in an attempt to develop sociological theories of law. Notably among these were Leon Petrazycki, Eugen Ehrlich and Georges Gurvitch. Marxs theory is not to be understood merely as a theory of the economy, for his analysis of capitalism is meant to provide the basis for an analysis of society. The economic organization of society is its material core from which all other social developments in matters of politics, culture, and law can be explained. This is summarized in Marxs famous dictum that the infrastructure of a society determines it superstructure. Thus, the division between the economic classes of owners and non-owners appears at the societal level as a class antagonism between the relatively small but powerful bourgeoisie and the relatively large but powerless proletariat. The bourgeoisie can articulate its economic power also at the political, cultural, and legal level because of its control over all important institutions of society, such as government, the legal system, art science, and education. The economic, according to Marx, only the destruction of capitalism in favor of a communist mode of product ion, whereby the workers collectively own and control the means of production, world ensure a successful revolution of society in to a more just social order. Marx did not develop a comprehensive perspective on law and his ideas on law are scattered throughout his writings. Marxs theory of the state provides the most useful entry into his perspective on law. Congruent with his materialist perspective, Marx asserts that the economic conditions of society determine what type of state will develop, which in a capitalist society implies that the state will be controlled by the bourgeoisie as an instrument to secure economic rights and to moderate class conflict. For him the capitalist state represents and secures the power of the dominant economic class which now also becomes the politically dominant class. Interestingly, Marx argues that the democratic republic, rather than being a more egalitarian form of the capitalistic state, for it totally disregards the property distinction that have arisen under capitalism. Marxs notion on law is instrumentalist, similar to that of his notion of state. He views the legal system in function of its role as an instrument of control serving bourgeois interests. Rather than abiding by a principle of the rule of law that holds that it is just for the law to be applied equally and fairly to all, Marx maintains that capitalist law actually enhances the conditions of inequality that mark capitalist society. Marx contends that the capitalist legal system contributes to inequality because capitalist law establishes and applies individualized rights of freedom, which benefit those who own while disfavoring those who are without property. The formal equality that is granted in law by treating the various parties that are in contract with one another or with the state as equal contributes to sustain and develop the economic inequalities that exist among legal subjects. Legal doctrine justifies the practices of capitalist law on the basis of a notion of justice claime d to be universally valid but which in actuality serves the interests of only the dominant economic class. The ideology of capitalist law is ultimately accepted widely even among those members of society who are economically disadvantaged and thus additionally subject to the inequalities brought about by the legal system. For Max Weber, a so-called legal rational form as a type of domination within society, is not attributable to people but to abstract norms. He understood the body of coherent and calculable law in terms of a rational-legal authority. Such coherent and calculable law formed a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state and developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism. Central to the development of modern law is the formal rationalisation of law on the basis of general procedures that are applied equally and fairly to all. Weber specifically outlined the characteristics of a formally rationalized legal system that is primarily guided by the application of procedures. His analysis of law is an intrinsic part of his sociology, in terms of both its perspective of the study of society and its theoretical propositions on the conditions of modern society. Modern rationalised law is also codified and impersonal in its application to specific cases. In general, Webers standpoint can be described as an external approach to law that studies the empirical characteristics of law, as opposed to the internal perspective of the legal sciences and the moral approach of the philosophy of law. Weber developed his perspective on law as part of a more general sociology. In the systematic nature and comprehensive scope of its contribution, Webers analysis is rivaled only by that of Emile Durkheim, whose sociology of law was likewise part and parcel of a more fundamental sociological perspective and theory of society. Emile Durkheim wrote in The Division of Labour in Society, that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions. Over time, law has undergone a transformation from repressive law to restitutive law. Restitutive law operates in societies in which there is a high degree of individual variation and emphasis on personal rights and responsibilities. For Durkheim, law is an indicator of the mode of integration of a society, which can be mechanical, among identical parts, or organic, among differentiated parts such as in industrialized societies. Durkheim also argued that a sociology of law should be developed alongside, and in close connection with, a sociology of morals, studying the development of value systems reflected in law. At sociologys heart is a concern for morality. For Durkheim, society cannot exist without moral bonds, whether these are bonds of shared belief or of mutual commitment reflecting the interdependence of individuals or social groups. Moral ideas are neither innate in the individual nor to be deduced from abstract first principles. They are inspired by the empirical conditions of social lie in particular times and places. To understand those conditions and the forces that shape social development is rationally to appreciate moralitys demands. Morality provides the normative framework of stable social relationships. In modern society these relationships are primarily domestic, economic and occupational and political relationship of citizenship. Morality expresses the requirements of living together in particular environments; the domain of the moral begins where the domain of the social begins (Durkheim, 1961:60). For Durkheim, Moral ideas are the soul (lame) of the law(1909:150). Law ex presses what is fundamental in any societys morality. So the study of law like that of morality is central to sociology. Conclusion Among the three classic thinkers Marx did not focus on law to any degree of intellectual satisfaction, while the sociological contributions of Weber and Durkheim are not only influential but foundational to the sociology of law.